Friday, July 30, 2010
Benchmark (2010-07-30 HSBC analysis)
Today let's check the largest HSI component --- HSBC (0005.HK).
HSBC pulled back a bit today after a small false breakout, but is still following the bullish trend. It still maintains in the two pitchforks. The support area would be at 77.9 - 78.6, this is a good long zone if HSBC drops to this area in next two days. Then it is likely to have a real breakout this time.
Thursday, July 29, 2010
Time to Rocket? (2010-07-29 21Holdings analysis)
I found an interesting small stock --- 21Holdings (1003.HK). It surged 17% today. Going deeply into it, I found that although it kept dropping in last four months, the volume was not high, which meant those corporate investors were not distributing their shares to retail investors. It may even give hints that they are currently collecting the shares, and preparing to push up the stock price. 17% is surely just a penny to them. If the price could break the 50SMA tomorrow, I would expect the price reaching 0.154, or even higher.
Good luck.
Wednesday, July 28, 2010
Rise in Capital Goods Orders
Capital Goods Orders in U.S. Climb, Signaling Investment Pickup
By Timothy R. Homan - Jul 28, 2010 8:57 PM GMT+0800url: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-28/capital-goods-orders-in-u-s-climb-signaling-investment-pickup.html
Orders and shipments for non-military capital goods excluding aircraft climbed in June, signaling investment by U.S. businesses picked up heading into the second half of the year.
Such bookings increased 0.6 percent after jumping 4.6 percent in May, more than previously reported, figures from the Commerce Department showed today in Washington. Total orders for durable goods, those meant to last at least three years, unexpectedly dropped 1 percent, depressed by a decrease in demand for aircraft which is often volatile.Eaton Corp. is among manufacturers benefiting from a pickup in demand as companies in the U.S. and abroad update equipment that is helping to support the recovery. The gains will partially compensate for a slowdown in consumer spending that is causing the world’s largest economy to cool heading into the second half of the year.
“Businesses are, in general, still investing,” said Russell Price, a senior economist at Ameriprise Financial Inc. in Detroit, who projected a decline in durable goods orders excluding transportation. “If they want to compete, they have to invest. The recovery is continuing.”
Stock-index futures dropped after the report showed weakness in overall orders. The contract on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index fell 0.2 percent to 1,108.6 at 8:56 a.m. Treasury securities rose, pushing the yield on the benchmark 10-year note down to 3.04 percent from 3.05 percent late yesterday.
Tuesday, July 27, 2010
Looking forward to break (2010-07-27 JPY analysis)
1H chart:
4H chart:
Many people may try to short after looking at the 1H chart. However, after seeing the 4H chart, I have different view on it. I think it might be time to break the red resistance channel and fibs level. Before breaking, the price might move horizontally for a while, so MACD and EMA would drop a bit in 1H chart. Let's keep an eye on it. Once it breaks, we can try to long some.
Time: 11:36, it breaks the channel. I have longed USDJPY:
Open: 87.931; Stop: 87.755; Limit: 88.245; Risk-reward ratio 2:1
Going to sleep as it's 23:39 in HK!
Breakout? (2010-07-27 361 Degrees analysis)
Following my post recommending 361Degrees (1361.HK) on 2010/07/26 High Potential, the stock surged 3.9% to 5.80, which broke the triangle with increased volume.
But we have to wait for 2-3 days until confirming its bullish trend. I suggest you to sell some of them for little profits, and look for potential rise. If breakout confirms, I would aim as high as 6.7 which is last high or even 7.0 as estimated by Fibs projection.
Monday, July 26, 2010
Beware of this "data week"
27/7
US Consumer Confidence
28/7
Germany CPI
Australia CPI
US Durable Good Orders
US Durables Ex Transportation
New Zealand Rate Decision
29/7
Germany Unemployment rate
Japan Jobless rate
Japan CPI
30/7
US GDP
High potential (2010-07-26 361 Degrees analysis)
Looking from the fundamental side, we can easily find that 361 Degrees carry great potential to develop sporting goods in China and is very likely to succeed due to its aggressive approach and the increasing demand of these products in China, when people in China are getting wealthier.
From technical side, it is forming a symmetric triangle, and has just rebounced from its triangle bottom. This would possibly lead the price to surge greatly. If 361 Degrees breaks the triangle from underneath, the first resistance would be at 6 but is likely to break too.
Combining both fundamental and technical, then we can expect even breaking 6.7 (last high) when Asia Games take place.
Saturday, July 24, 2010
Gold Volume (2010-07-24 Gold analysis)
Gold is currently testing both the long-term and short-term pitchforks in daily chart. In last few days it could still hold above both fork. We can see the MACD and EMA are dropping lower and lower and they are giving greater power for gold to surge.
However, it seems that when gold rockets, the volume is not as high as now. Such volume might block the price instead of leading it to rise. Stock markets are getting clearer for bullish and investors might begin to turn to stocks. When the volume for gold decreases, it would be good time to long gold.
Friday, July 23, 2010
Determining Stop
url: http://www.smbtraining.com/blog/traders-ask-determining-your-stop
Dear Bella,
Where would your stop loss be for the lot you added when the sellers won at 76? More importantly, how does one determine the right spot to place your stop loss or your “line in the sand”, so to speak?
I also traded BIDU today and I had 76.50 and 76.00 marked as key levels. I missed my short at 76.50 and I was waiting for another short trade if the stock gets below 76. More specifically, I was waiting for sellers to come in and hold the offers at or below 76 to get short. I would get out if the stock trades gets above 76.00. If the stock trades in my favor, then I will exit only if I see a Reason to Cover. At least, that was my OGT. When the sellers initially won the battle at 76, the stock traded down to around 75.20ish but then got back above 76 again, and I exited for a loss, as per my trading plan.
I took the SMB Foundation program a couple of months ago, and as I recall, I was trained to exit whenever the level I’m leaning on is violated. I realize that simply hitting/paying whenever a level is violated can lead to shakeouts pretty often, so I’m working on giving my trades some breathing room. The question is, how do I determine how much room to give my stocks to avoid getting shaken out while at the same time, protect myself against large losses?
Bella Responds:
These are the plays to master. After the close these trades that work best must receive most of our attention. We must review them and find places to add size while controlling our risk. So I love how you are reaching out to me about this set up. Because this is one that will pay the bills.
We are all different. We have different buying power and trading experience. A different tolerance for pain. We process information differently. The set ups that make the most sense to us, our A trades, our different.
For me the add at 76, had a stop of half above 30c and the the rest if BIDU held above 76.50, since this was the important long term technical resistance level (or right above 50c if it didn’t look like it would hold there on the tape).
But the key to this exercise is for you to go back and determine the best stop for you. I was holding until the next significant technical support area. Your play might have been a shorter time frame. If so your stop might have been tighter.
Thursday, July 22, 2010
Stress Test Passed (2010-07-22 EUR analysis)
Euro successfully passed the stress test. It would somehow prove that the crisis in Europe might have been eased. EUR is likely to continue its surge when looking at this news.
However, MACD has shown a little bearish divergence. This is what I concern of. It would be likely to rise. But when it reaches last high (around 1.3), be highly conscious and if possible, sell some to lock profits first.
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
BIG mistake (2010-07-21 China Cosco analysis)
I just found a BIG mistake in volume of China Cosco (1919.HK) today. It should be 56.6M instead of such a little dot there. Enjoy and good luck to your trade.
Tuesday, July 20, 2010
Nice pitchfork again (2010-07-20 CNOOC analysis)
Above is daily chart for CNOOC (0883.HK). Almost touching the 250-day SMA, the price bounced back and closed up. However, restricted by the violet pitchfork as well as the low volume, the trend is still bearish. Pullback would be more likely to occur after the rebound to around 12.5. Then it should be time to break the 250-day SMA.
Monday, July 19, 2010
Take a rest
Euro's Gain Hurts Exports as Spain Sweats Biggest Rally in Year
By Matthew Brown and Paul Dobson - Jul 19, 2010url: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-19/euro-strength-undermining-exports-as-spain-sweats-biggest-rally-in-a-year.html
The euro’s biggest rally in a year is threatening exporters in Europe’s weakest economies as they grow more reliant on international sales for growth.
The 9.5 percent gain to $1.3008 from a four-year low on June 7 reduced speculation that the region’s debt crisis would break up the single currency. At the same time, the head of Spain’s Exporters Club says the stronger euro will make it harder to counter a “paralyzed” domestic market. European Aeronautic, Defence & Space Co., the maker of Airbus planes, says at $1.20, the currency still wouldn’t be weak. Salvatore Ferragamo SpA says it’s counting on exports to boost sales as austerity measures crimp demand from France to Italy.
Even after declining 14 percent during the past eight months as mounting deficits threatened the region’s economic recovery, the euro remains stronger than the $1.184 average since its introduction in 1999. The currency is overvalued by 14 percent, according to purchasing power data compiled by Bloomberg. Foreign-exchange strategists say the result will be a weaker euro.
“If the euro continues to appreciate it would be a disaster for the euro zone,” said Ken Wattret, chief euro-area economist at BNP Paribas SA in London. “The worst-case scenario for the euro area is you have a sustained exchange-rate appreciation because it would snuff out the recovery.”
The euro advanced 2.29 percent last week, the biggest gain since May 2009, to $1.2930. It traded 0.4 percent stronger at $1.2979 as of 3:28 p.m. in London.
Bearish Confirmed for Aussie (2010-07-19 AUD analysis)
Aussie is confirmed breaking the cyan pitchfork and just breaks the first horizontal resistance of 0.8659. As we can see, the price now moves within the violet pitchfork. Next support would be at 0.859. Together with MACD and EMA heading downwards, I would anticipate a plunge in AUD and a test on the next support. If the bearish continues, the second support would be at 0.849.
Disclaimer: Short AUD at 0.8654. Stop at 0.8697, Limit at 0.8564. 2:1 Risk-Reward ratio.
Saturday, July 17, 2010
Raising Interest Rate (2010-07-17 USDCAD analysis)
We can see the 4H-chart for USDCAD. The price, as well as MACD, is heading upwards. As no major resistance was hit, I expect the momentum would continue on Monday and Tuesday. However, there is a big resistance --- the interception of the long term trend line and previous highs. They are both strong resistances which could easily stop the surging of USDCAD. Combining with the economic data, we can find opportunity to short sell at 1.0675 cause CAD will strengthen.
Thanks for your support. Should you have any comments, please do not hesitate to e-mail me or leave your words here. I would be very happy to exchange ideas and we could learn from each other. And subscribe.
Friday, July 16, 2010
Supported or not? (2010-07-16 GBP analysis)
Above is the 1H chart for GBP. The price breaks the cyan pitchfork already. It is now testing its support zone. So is it likely to break the zone and free fall? When we look at MACD, the two lines are heading downwards, just break through zero. However, the support zone is quite a large area and the MACD is already quite low in value. I would anticipate a horizontal move in this range after dropping till the bottom line of the zone. So this trading range 1.5221 - 1.5287 would be the trading range for us. Then when MACD moves back upwards and might go near zero, GBP may suffer a further drop afterwards.
Thursday, July 15, 2010
False Breakout again (2010-07-15 HSI analysis)
Above is the daily chart of HSI which further reinforces my bearish view. The index has formed a triangle. Yesterday, it broke the triangle and went upwards, there should be lots of people buying in that breakout. However, it turned out that it was only a false one. Today it closed down (-1.48%). The index is now back into the triangle and would have possible plunge (breakout at the other side). This is further enhanced by the cross of MACD and EMA. If HSI breaks the triangle from upwards, 19400 would be first support.
Possible breakout (2010-07-15 EURJPY analysis)
Above is the hourly chart for EUR/JPY. Technically speaking, it is currently testing its uptrend line support. But several signs show it would be going to breakout and plunge.
Firstly, there was a big bearish rejection in the 3rd previous candlestick. It was even a doji. This showed a mass sell/short at this point.
Secondly, stochastic slow is heading downwards. Showing that the momentum to upside is reversed.
Thirdly, but not too signicant, is the price drops through the violet pitchfork.
Today Japan would announce its interest rate. This would create a big fluctuation and would possibly lead to the breakout I expected.
Wednesday, July 14, 2010
Manually moved stock price (2010-07-14 BaWang Group analysis)
So we did feel how powerful news are. BaWang is a quite new shampoo company with famous actor Jackie Chan as its advertising spokesman. It is famous for its use of chinese medicine to simulate users' hair cells to grow more hair. And... o well these are not really important at all. BaWang shampoo was found to contain carcinogen which may cause cancer. The stock price of Ba Wang Group (1338.HK) dropped till 14.4% and was temporarily suspended.
So get focused on the above daily chart for Ba Wang Group. After its IPO in last year, it kept running upwards till around 6.5. Then it was fluctuating in the next few weeks. So let's determine whether the stock enters stage of distribution or not (by rich guys). We could see that volume was not large in last few months. There was one day during which the volume surged for more than ten times. We may conclude that the rich guys are still holding at least some of the stocks. Therefore, they would not like to see a continuous decline which make their profits lower and lower, and they do not like to push the stock price by bidding more too. News is a very good way to "move" the price. I would predict that when Ba Wang Group resumed, the stock price would rise crazily.
The first resistance is at around 6, then 6.5, and if it breaks, the upside would be hard to predict. But if the stock drops back the cyan pitchfork as well as the red uptrend line, we would have to analyze it all over again.
Tuesday, July 13, 2010
Champion helps EUR? (2010-07-13 EUR analysis)
Monday, July 12, 2010
Stocks Rise
By Shiyin Chen - Jul 12, 2010
url: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-12/yen-weakens-against-euro-on-japan-elections-asian-exporter-stocks-advance.html
The yen weakened on concern efforts to cut Japan’s government debt will slow after the ruling party lost control of the upper house. Most Asian stocks rose, led by Japanese exporters and commodity producers.
The yen weakened against all 16 of its most-active counterparts at 2:17 p.m. in Tokyo, to 112.16 per euro from 112.01 in New York on July 9. The MSCI Asia Pacific Index was little changed. Standard & Poor’s 500 Index futures fell 0.3 percent. Copper retreated following a 5.5 percent gain last week.
The Democratic Party of Japan won 44 seats in the upper house, less than the main opposition’s 51 seats, making it unlikely Prime Minister Naoto Kan will be able to reduce the world’s largest public debt. Most Asian stocks rose ahead of the start of the U.S. second-quarter earnings season, with S&P 500 companies projected to post profit gains of 34 percent, according to analysts’ estimates compiled by Bloomberg.
“Earnings are the key but it’s going to be very company specific,” Curtis Freeze, chairman of Honolulu-based Prospect Asset Management Inc. with about $1 billion in assets, said in a Bloomberg Television interview. “The yen could actually weaken because there’s going to continued spending by the government and there’s going to be a delay in the consumption tax hike.”
Almost five stocks rose for every four that fell among the MSCI index’s 985 members, with a measure tracking materials stocks accounting for the biggest advance among 10 industry groups. The Nikkei 225 Stock Average fluctuated between gains and losses. China’s Shanghai Composite Index rose 0.7 percent as speculation the government will relax curbs on mortgage lending amid a slowdown in property prices drove gains in developers.
Saturday, July 10, 2010
Small Stock again (2010-07-10 0582.HK analysis)
Potential rise for this stock is to 4.72 (from 2.08 now). But after checking the chart and candlesticks, I even have a higher anticipation on it. Let me explain why I think so.
Firstly, we could see that this stock had really low volatility after dropping from its high of 6.4. We could treat this horizontal areas from Oct08 - Jun09
Technical indicators further enhanced by view. The 15.56% gain break all the moving averages at the same time. This gives the sign for bulls. Therefore, let's long this stock!
Friday, July 9, 2010
Looking not too good (2010-07-09 S&P500 analysis)
Basically the index is testing the top of the short-term green fork. However, as it has broken the long-term purple fork, I would have a general bearish expectation on it. We can see that S&P was well supported by the fibs level as well as the green fork, and had consecutive 3-day gain excluding today. So today and next Monday would be important dates as they would confirm us how it would move afterwards.
Once S&P breaks the fork, we might expect the next resistance level at 1120. But if it could not break, the index would fall to as low as before 1000.
Thursday, July 8, 2010
New Tool on HSI (2010-07-08 HSI analysis)
I have drawn 3 forks on the chart. We can see HSI is now in the range of long-term blue fork and a shorter-term green fork. It actually beautifully follows the pattern of the forks. The two most recent rebounces are due to the interceptions of blue and green forks, giving support and resistance. Referring to the shape of the green fork, I expect the index going downwards in high speed, breaking the blue fork. Once the blue fork break is confirmed, we can expect a great plunge afterwards. A short entry is better placed at the break of blue forks.
If you want to read more about pitchfork, you can refer to:
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/05/AndrewsPitchfork.asp
Rebounce (2010-07-08 USDCHF analysis)
Looking at the 4H chart of USDCHF, we can see the price kept falling for the whole June and July till now. But the degree of falling has been lowered and lowered. And checking on the stochastic slow, we can find that it is actually have a slight bullish divergence. This may give a signal to push the price back upwards. The bullish rejection candlestick at the lowest might give a bit hints on it. So let's long some and wait its rebounce!
Wednesday, July 7, 2010
Aussie (2010-07-07 AUDUSD analysis)
Above is the 4-H chart of AUDUSD. The trading range as we can see is 0.831 - 0.855. After a bullish divergence shown in the stochastic chart, Aussie surged through the red resistance line. Touching the top of the range, it bounced back. It would be a time for us to short AUD and the target is at the red line, which is at around 0.836. For stop, above previous high would be a choice.
Tuesday, July 6, 2010
Small stock (2010-07-06 KwangSung Electric analysis)
OK Let's get started. Above is the daily chart for KwangSung Electric (2310.HK). The main interesting part for doing analysis on small stocks is that you do not have to know what the company is and what the cash flow is. What I look at is the psychology and the actions of BIG guys who want to get profits from this stock, so basically candlesticks would be the main indicators, together with some basic resistance and support areas.
As we can see, in Jan2010, this stock surged from 0.43 to as high as 0.98 after a long horizontal movement starting from March2009. We would say the area from Mar09 to Jan10 to be "collection period". Then the stock price starts to shoot up and BIG guys gain. However, we have to look at whether these BIG guys are selling their stocks. As we can see, after going up to 0.98, the volume afterwards is not large. This somehow gives us hints that BIG guys are not selling yet. So we can expect the stock price going up again. First resistance would be at the red line which is at around 0.75-0.8. However, I think that it would break this resistance and go up to around 1.4.
Stop loss would be at the break of the lower support red line, which is at around 0.40.
Monday, July 5, 2010
Hanging in the middle (2010-07-05 HKEx analysis)
Above is the daily chart for Hong Kong Exchange (0388.HK). Following the 6 consecutive plunges in Hang Seng Index, HKEx is heading back to its support line at 115. This support looks quite strong that the price did not even have a false break. Once HKEx breaks 115, the red downtrend channel would become the support instead, which is at around 112.
It can be said to be in somewhere middle, and future movement depends on how HSI moves.
Still supported (2010-07-05 DJI analysis)
Above is the daily chart for Dow Jones Industrial Index (DJI). Currently the index was supported by its low in 2009 early November. It did not break this support last Thursday and Friday. It somehow shows that there are still some support remaining. It could not break downwards easily.
Once this support breaks, the next level would be at 9430, which is somewhere near the interception of the 61.8%-fibs-level and the red downtrend channel.
Sunday, July 4, 2010
Blog Share --- Support & Resistance?
Forget Support & Resistance, Areas of Volatility in High Frequency Trading
url: hereSupport and resistance can be seen as the entire basis of technical analysis. While most technicians would distinguish between these two levels based on expected buying or selling pressure, T3Live's Sean Hendelman sees them quite differently as a high frequency trading practitioner:
"Support and resistance are one in the same. Namely, points of increased volatility. These areas increase the uncertainty of future direction and therefore volatility."
Short-term Support in the Past
Traders have long used support levels as areas where they expect buyers to step in and hold because there were buyers at that level previously. Price levels exist because people, consciously and unconsciously, create them. Traders and investors remember their entry prices, or at least they see the cost basis on their brokerage statement. These prices are therefore breakeven levels for many with a vested interest in that price.
Often, by expecting others to be buyers at the level, technicians only work to further solidify the existance of support through their own buying. The idea of a vested interest is also why breaking a support level is seen as a sell signal. Those that accumulated expecting the level to hold ditch their positions and eager shorts enter believing no buyers remain.
Support in the High Frequency Trading World
Support and resistance have become far more elusive and the risk of entering trades based on them has drastically increased in the last 18 months. Short-term technical levels are now extremely fluid.
Volatility increases opportunity and the wild oscillations around technical levels grant HFTs the ability to profit by beating manual traders in and out. Consider the 2008 crash with the VIX reaching a high of 89%: short-term traders were offered incredible opportunities as volatility soared. Think of a large whole number in AIG as a microcosm of this type of uncertainty and volatility. The high frequency trader jumping in and out in microseconds, even nanoseconds, can scalp pennies back and forth.
Two unprofitable scenarios now occur much more often at support levels with the influence of HFT: 1) rapid breakdowns and 2) false breakdowns.
A trader does not risk to a level, he risks to whatever price he receives upon exit when the level breaks. As high frequency traders are typically first to the trade in the downdraft when a support level breaks, the price to exit is often much further away than anticipated. By the time he has hit the bid, the manual trader has lost far more than his pre-determined stop.
False breakdowns occur when a support level is broken but the stock does not continue lower, at least not within the trader's timeframe. How often does today's discretionary trader short the low only to find the stock subsequently swept higher? High frequency traders will buy new lows and force weak hands to cover as the stocks pushes back through the short price.
The high frequency trading world has very different interpretation of support and resistance and given their speed, it is tough to compete in that world.
Adapting Trading Strategies
Running stops is as old as trading itself. Floor traders on the NYSE used to run stops intentionally for bucket shop owners so the shoe string margin players would be wiped out. Squeezing out larger, weaker players is a tactic used since the day Wall Street was paved. High frequency traders' manipulations around technical levels are just today's modern application of an age-old strategy to beat others at the same game.
Short-term traders had it easy for a long time, buying breakouts and shorting breakdowns to make predictable profits. But this strategy in a more range-bound tape coupled with high frequency traders can be disastrous. Avoid the temptation, don't battle the machines. Let the machines kill each other and don't step in the ring.
Traders must anticipate moves to much greater degree and they must be happy with the size they have accumulated once the trade gets under way. Adding through levels can and will destroy many potentially profitable trades as HFT throws the trader in for a spin.
Friday, July 2, 2010
Slide after big surges (2010-07-02 GBPUSD analysis)
Above is 4H chart for the pounds. It has been moving well in the uptrend channel in the past few weeks and is now testing its upper resistance line. Obviously there is a bearish divergence on MACD. We could expect another slide which means being unable to break the channel and rocket. It is a good time to short GBP and place stop loss at above the channel.
I would be going to ZhuHai for a short trip in the next two days. See you guys on Sunday night HKT or probably Monday morning HKT.
Thursday, July 1, 2010
No Good... (2010-07-01)
Jobless Claims in U.S. Increased 13,000 Last Week to 472,000
By Bob Willis - Jul 1, 2010url: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-07-01/jobless-claims-in-u-s-unexpectedly-increased-13-000-last-week-to-472-000.html
More Americans unexpectedly applied for jobless benefits last week, a sign the labor market recovery may be slowing.
Initial jobless claims increased by 13,000 to 472,000 in the week ended June 26, Labor Department figures showed today in Washington. The number of people receiving unemployment insurance rose, while those getting emergency benefits dropped after Congress failed to act on extending the legislation.
The jump in applications raises the risk that the turmoil in financial markets brought onby the European debt crisis is leading to additional cutbacks in staff. The Labor Department tomorrow may report the U.S. lost jobs in June for the first month this year, reflecting a drop in temporary federal workers who helped to conduct the decennial census.
“The labor market is not generating employment for anyone, even for people who have been out a long time,” said Steven Ricchiuto, chief economist at Mizuho Securities USA Inc. in New York, who forecast claims at 470,000. “What we’re seeing in the backup of claims is not a particularly healthy story, showing we can’t generate upside momentum in the labor market.”
Economists forecast jobless applications would fall to 455,000 from an initially reported 457,000 for the prior week, according to the median of 46 projections in a Bloomberg survey. Estimates ranged from 440,000 to 475,000.
Bad Holiday (2010-07-01 HSI analysis)
Today seems like a bad holiday for Hong Kong People. As I mentioned before, the pattern is just like what happened last time. However, there are a bit changes. Now the index drop through all the Moving Averages. This is a very bad sign. Yesterday DJI dropped around 1%. So enjoy this vacation and be cautious tomorrow.